MACD - 4

MACD-Histogram

In 1986, Thomas Aspray developed the MACD-Histogram. Some of his findings were presented in a series of articles for Technical Analysis of Stocks and Commodities. Aspray noted that MACD's lag would sometimes miss important moves in a security, especially when applied to weekly charts. He first experimented by changing the moving averages and found that shorter moving averages did indeed speed up the signals. However, he was looking for a means to anticipate MACD crossovers. One of the answers he came up with was the MACD-Histogram.

Definition and Construction

The MACD-Histogram represents the difference between the MACD and its trigger line, the 9-day EMA of MACD. The plot of this difference is presented as a histogram, making centerline crossovers and divergences easily identifiable. A centerline crossover for the MACD-Histogram is the same as a moving average crossover for MACD. If you will recall, a moving average crossover occurs when MACD moves above or below the trigger line.

If the value of MACD is larger than the value of its 9-day EMA, then the value on the MACD-Histogram will be positive. Conversely, if the value of MACD is less than its 9-day EMA, then the value on the MACD-Histogram will be negative.

Further increases or decreases in the gap between MACD and its trigger line will be reflected in the MACD-Histogram. Sharp increases in the MACD-Histogram indicate that MACD is rising faster than its 9-day EMA and bullish momentum is strengthening. Sharp declines in the MACD-Histogram indicate that MACD is falling faster than its 9-day EMA and bearish momentum is increasing.

On the chart above, we can see that the MACD-Histogram movements are relatively independent of the actual MACD. Sometimes the MACD is rising while the MACD-Histogram is falling. At other times, the MACD is falling while the MACD-Histogram is rising. The MACD-Histogram does not reflect the absolute value of the MACD, but rather the value of the MACD relative to its 9-day EMA. Usually, but not always, a move in the MACD is preceded by a corresponding divergence in the MACD-Histogram.

1. The first point shows a sharp positive divergence in the MACD-Histogram that preceded a Bullish Moving Average Crossover.

2. On the second point, the MACD continued to new Highs but the MACD-Histogram formed two equal Highs. Although not a textbook case of Positive Divergence, the equal High failed to confirm the strength seen in the MACD.

3. A Positive Divergence formed when the MACD-Histogram formed a higher Low and the MACD continued lower.

4. A Negative Divergence formed when the MACD-Histogram formed a lower High and the MACD continued higher.

Usage

Thomas Aspray designed the MACD-Histogram as a tool to anticipate a moving average crossover in the MACD. Divergences between MACD and the MACD-Histogram are the main tool used to anticipate moving average crossovers. A Positive Divergence in the MACD-Histogram indicates that the MACD is strengthening and could be on the verge of a Bullish Moving Average Crossover. A Negative Divergence in the MACD-Histogram indicates that the MACD is weakening, and it foreshadows a Bearish Moving Average Crossover in the MACD.

In his book, Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets, John Murphy asserts that the best use for the MACD-Histogram is in identifying periods when the gap between the MACD and its 9-day EMA is either widening or shrinking. Broadly speaking, a widening gap indicates strengthening momentum and a shrinking gap indicates weakening momentum. Usually a change in the MACD-Histogram will precede any changes in the MACD.

Signals

The main signal generated by the MACD-Histogram is a divergence followed by a moving average crossover. A bullish signal is generated when a Positive Divergence forms and there is a Bullish Centerline Crossover. A bearish signal is generated when there is a Negative Divergence and a Bearish Centerline Crossover. Keep in mind that a centerline crossover for the MACD-Histogram represents a moving average crossover for the MACD.

Divergences can take many forms and varying degrees. Generally speaking, two types of divergences have been identified: the slant divergence and the peak-trough divergence.

Slant Divergence

A Slant Divergence forms when there is a continuous and relatively smooth move in one direction (up or down) to form the divergence. Slant Divergences generally cover a shorter time frame than divergences formed with two peaks or two troughs. A Slant Divergence can contain some small bumps (peaks or troughs) along the way. The world of technical analysis is not perfect and there are exceptions to most rules and hybrids for many signals.

Peak-Trough Divergence

A peak-trough divergence occurs when at least two peaks or two troughs develop in one direction to form the divergence. A series of two or more rising troughs (higher lows) can form a Positive Divergence and a series of two or more declining peaks (lower highs) can form a Negative Divergence. Peak-trough Divergences usually cover a longer time frame than slant divergences. On a daily chart, a peak-trough divergence can cover a time frame as short as two weeks or as long as several months.

Usually, the longer and sharper the divergence is, the better any ensuing signal will be. Short and shallow divergences can lead to false signals and whipsaws. In addition, it would appear that Peak-trough Divergences are a bit more reliable than Slant Divergences. Peak-trough Divergences tend to be sharper and cover a longer time frame than Slant Divergences.

MACD-Histogram Benefits

The main benefit of the MACD-Histogram is its ability to anticipate MACD signals. Divergences usually appear in the MACD-Histogram before MACD moving average crossovers do. Armed with this knowledge, traders and investors can better prepare for potential trend changes.

The MACD-Histogram can be applied to daily, weekly or monthly charts. (Note: This may require some tinkering with the number of periods used to form the original MACD; shorter or faster moving averages might be necessary for weekly and monthly charts.) Using weekly charts, the broad underlying trend of a stock can be determined. Once the broad trend has been determined, daily charts can be used to time entry and exit strategies. In Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets, John Murphy advocates this type of two-tiered approach to investing in order to avoid making trades against the major trend. The weekly MACD-Histogram can be used to generate a long-term signal in order to establish the tradable trend. Then only short-term signals that agree with the major trend would be considered.

After the trend has been established, MACD-Histogram divergences can be used to signal impending reversals. If the long-term trend was bullish, a negative divergences with bearish centerline crossovers would signal a possible reversal. If the long-term trend was bearish, traders would watch for a positive divergences with bullish centerline crossovers.

On the IBM weekly chart, the MACD-Histogram generated four signals. Before each moving average crossover in the MACD, a corresponding divergence formed in the MACD-Histogram. To make adjustments for the weekly chart, the moving averages have been shortened to 6 and 12. This MACD is formed by subtracting the 6-week EMA from the 12-week EMA. A 6-week EMA has been used as the trigger. The MACD-Histogram is calculated by taking the difference between MACD (6/12) and the 6-day EMA of MACD (6/12).

1. The first signal was a Bearish Moving Average Crossover in January, 1999. From its peak in late November, 1998, the MACD-Histogram formed a Negative Divergence that preceded the Bearish Moving Average Crossover in the MACD.

2. The second signal was a Bullish Moving Average Crossover in April. From its low in mid-February, the MACD-Histogram formed a Positive Divergence that preceded the Bullish Moving Average Crossover in the MACD.

3. The third signal was a Bearish Moving Average Crossover in late July. From its May peak, the MACD-Histogram formed a Negative Divergence that preceded a Bearish Moving Average Crossover in the MACD.

4. The final signal was a Bullish Moving Average Crossover, which was preceded by a slight Positive Divergence in the MACD-Histogram.

The third signal was based on a Peak-trough Divergence Two readily identifiable and consecutive lower peaks formed to create the divergence. The peaks and troughs on the previous divergences, although identifiable, do not stand out as much.

MACD-Histogram Drawbacks

The MACD-Histogram is an indicator of an indicator or a derivative of a derivative. The MACD is the first derivative of the price action of a security, and the MACD-Histogram is the second derivative of the price action of a security. As the second derivative, the MACD-Histogram is further removed from the actual price action of the underlying security. The further removed an indicator is from the underlying price action, the greater the chances of false signals. Keep in mind that this is an indicator of an indicator. The MACD-Histogram should not be compared directly with the price action of the underlying security.

Because MACD-Histogram was designed to anticipate MACD signals, there is a temptation to jump the gun. The MACD-Histogram should be used in conjunction with other aspects of technical analysis. This will help to alleviate the temptation for early entry. Another means to guard against early entry is to combine weekly signals with daily signals. Of course, there will be more daily signals than weekly signals. However, by using only the daily signals that agree with the weekly signals, there will be fewer daily signals to act on. By acting only on those daily signals that are in agreement with the weekly signals, you are also assured of trading with the longer trend and not against it.

Be careful of small and shallow divergences. While these may sometimes lead to good signals, they are also more apt to create false signals. One method to avoid small divergences is to look for larger divergences with two or more readily identifiable peaks or troughs. Compare the peaks and troughs from past action to determine significance. Only peaks and troughs that appear to be significant should warrant attention.

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MACD - 3

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Bearish Signals

MACD generates bearish signals from three main sources. These signals are mirror reflections of the bullish signals:

1. Negative Divergence

2. Bearish Moving Average Crossover

3. Bearish Centerline Crossover

Negative Divergence

A Negative Divergence forms when the security advances or moves sideways, and the MACD declines. The Negative Divergence in MACD can take the form of either a lower High or a straight decline. Negative Divergences are probably the least common of the three signals, but are usually the most reliable, and can warn of an impending peak.

The FedEx (FDX) chart shows a Negative Divergence when MACD formed a lower High in May, and the stock formed a higher High at the same time. This was a rather blatant Negative Divergence, and signaled that momentum was slowing. A few days later, the stock broke the uptrend line, and the MACD formed a lower Low.

There are two possible means of confirming a Negative Divergence. First, the indicator can form a lower Low. This is traditional peak-and-trough analysis applied to an indicator. With the lower High and subsequent lower Low, the uptrend for MACD has changed from bullish to bearish. Second, a Bearish Moving Average Crossover (which is explained below) can act to confirm a negative divergence. As long as MACD is trading above its 9-day EMA, or trigger line, it has not turned down and the lower High is difficult to confirm. When MACD breaks below its 9-day EMA, it signals that the short-term trend for the indicator is weakening, and a possible interim peak has formed.

Bearish Moving Average Crossover

The most common signal for MACD is the moving average crossover. A Bearish Moving Average Crossover occurs when MACD declines below its 9-day EMA. Not only are these signals the most common, but they also produce the most false signals. As such, moving average crossovers should be confirmed with other signals to avoid whipsaws and false readings.

Sometimes a stock can be in a strong uptrend, and MACD will remain above its trigger line for a sustained period of time. In this case, it is unlikely that a Negative Divergence will develop. A different signal is needed to identify a potential change in momentum. This was the case with Merck (MRK) in February and March. The stock advanced in a strong uptrend, and MACD remained above its 9-day EMA for 7 weeks. When a Bearish Moving Average Crossover occurred, it signaled that upside momentum was slowing. This slowing momentum should have served as an alert to monitor the technical situation for further clues of weakness. Weakness was soon confirmed when the stock broke its uptrend line and MACD continued its decline and moved below zero.

Bearish Centerline Crossover

A Bearish Centerline Crossover occurs when MACD moves below zero and into negative territory. This is a clear indication that momentum has changed from positive to negative, or from bullish to bearish. The centerline crossover can act as an independent signal, or confirm a prior signal such as a moving average crossover or negative divergence. Once MACD crosses into negative territory, momentum, at least for the short term, has turned bearish.

The significance of the centerline crossover will depend on the previous movements of MACD as well. If MACD is positive for many weeks, begins to trend down, and then crosses into negative territory, it would be bearish. However, if MACD has been negative for a few months, breaks above zero, and then back below, it might be a correction. In order to judge the significance of a centerline crossover, traditional technical analysis can be applied to see if there has been a change in trend, higher High or lower Low.

The Unisys (UIS) chart depicts a Bearish Centerline Crossover that preceded a 25% drop in the stock that occurs just off the right edge of the chart. Although there was little time to act once this signal appeared, there were other warnings signs prior to the dramatic drop:

1. After the drop to trend line support, a Bearish Moving Average Crossover formed.

2. When the stock rebounded from the drop, MACD did not even break above the trigger line, indicating weak upside momentum.

3. The peak of the reaction rally was marked by a shooting star candlestick (blue arrow) and a gap down on increased volume (red arrows).

4. After the gap down, the blue trend line was broken.

In addition to the signals mentioned above, a Bearish Centerline Crossover occurred after MACD had been above zero for almost two months. From 20 Sept on, MACD had been weakening and momentum was slowing. The break below zero acted as the final straw of a long weakening process.

Combining Signals

As with bullish MACD signals, bearish signals can be combined to create more robust signals. In most cases, stocks fall faster than they rise. This was definitely the case with Unisys (UIS), and only two bearish MACD signals were present. Using momentum indicators like MACD, technical analysis can sometimes provide clues to impending weakness. While it may be impossible to predict the length and duration of the decline, being able to spot weakness can enable traders to take a more defensive position.

In 2002, Intel (INTC) dropped from above 36 to below 28 in a few months. Yet it would seem that smart money began distributing the stock before the actual decline. Looking at the technical picture, we can spot evidence of this distribution and a serious loss of momentum:

1. In December, a negative divergence formed in MACD.

2. Chaikin Money Flow turned negative on December 21.

3. Also in December, a Bearish Moving Average Crossover occurred in MACD (black arrow).

4. The trend line extending up from October was broken on 20 December.

5. A Bearish Centerline Crossover occurred in MACD on 10 Feb (green arrow).

6. On 15 February, support at 31 1/2 was violated (red arrow).

For those waiting for a recovery in the stock, the continued decline of momentum suggested that selling pressure was increasing, and not about to decrease. Hindsight is 20/20, but with careful study of past situations, we can learn how to better read the present and prepare for the future.

MACD Benefits

One of the primary benefits of MACD is that it incorporates aspects of both momentum and trend in one indicator. As a trend-following indicator, it will not be wrong for very long. The use of moving averages ensures that the indicator will eventually follow the movements of the underlying security. By using Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs), as opposed to Simple Moving Averages (SMAs), some of the lag has been taken out.

As a momentum indicator, MACD has the ability to foreshadow moves in the underlying security. MACD divergences can be key factors in predicting a trend change. A Negative Divergence signals that bullish momentum is waning, and there could be a potential change in trend from bullish to bearish. This can serve as an alert for traders to take some profits in long positions, or for aggressive traders to consider initiating a short position.

MACD can be applied to daily, weekly or monthly charts. MACD represents the convergence and divergence of two moving averages. The standard setting for MACD is the difference between the 12 and 26-period EMA. However, any combination of moving averages can be used. The set of moving averages used in MACD can be tailored for each individual security. For weekly charts, a faster set of moving averages may be appropriate. For volatile stocks, slower moving averages may be needed to help smooth the data. Given that level of flexibility, each individual should adjust the MACD to suit his or her own trading style, objectives and risk tolerance.

MACD Drawbacks

One of the beneficial aspects of the MACD is also one of its drawbacks. Moving averages, be they simple, exponential or weighted, are lagging indicators. Even though MACD represents the difference between two moving averages, there can still be some lag in the indicator itself. This is more likely to be the case with weekly charts than daily charts. One solution to this problem is the use of the MACD-Histogram.

MACD is not particularly good for identifying overbought and oversold levels. Even though it is possible to identify levels that historically represent overbought and oversold levels, MACD does not have any upper or lower limits to bind its movement. MACD can continue to overextend beyond historical extremes.

MACD calculates the absolute difference between two moving averages and not the percentage difference. MACD is calculated by subtracting one moving average from the other. As a security increases in price, the difference (both positive and negative) between the two moving averages is destined to grow. This makes its difficult to compare MACD levels over a long period of time, especially for stocks that have grown exponentially.

The Amazon (AMZN) chart demonstrates the difficult in comparing MACD levels over a long period of time. Before 1999, Amazon's MACD is barely recognizable, and appears to trade close to the zero line. MACD was indeed quite volatile at the time, but this volatility has been dwarfed since the stock rose from below 20 to almost 100.

An alternative is to use the Price Oscillator, which shows the percentage difference between two moving averages:

(12 day EMA - 26 day EMA) / (26 day EMA)

(20 - 18) / 18 = .11 or +11%

The resulting percentage difference can be compared over a longer period of time. On the Amazon chart, we can see that the Price Oscillator provides a better means for a long-term comparison. For the short term, MACD and the Price Oscillator are basically the same. The shape of the lines, the divergences, moving average crossovers and centerline crossovers for MACD and the Price Oscillator are virtually identical.

Pros and Cons of the MACD

Since Gerald Appel developed the MACD, there have been hundreds of new indicators introduced to technical analysis. While many indicators have come and gone, the MACD has stood the test of time. The concept behind its use is straightforward, and its construction is simple, yet it remains one of the most reliable indicators around. The effectiveness of the MACD will vary for different securities and markets. The lengths of the moving averages can be adapted for a better fit to a particular security or market. As with all indicators , MACD is not infallible and should be used in conjunction with other technical analysis tools.

MACD - 2

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Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD)

Introduction

Developed by Gerald Appel, Moving Average Convergence/Divergence (MACD) is one of the simplest and most reliable indicators available. MACD uses moving averages, which are lagging indicators, to include some trend-following characteristics. These lagging indicators are turned into a momentum oscillator by subtracting the longer moving average from the shorter moving average. The resulting plot forms a line that oscillates above and below zero, without any upper or lower limits. MACD is a centered oscillator and the guidelines for using centered oscillators apply.

MACD Formula

The most popular formula for the "standard" MACD is the difference between a security's 26-day and 12-day Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs). This is the formula that is used in many popular technical analysis programs, including Sharp Charts, and quoted in most technical analysis books on the subject. Appel and others have since tinkered with these original settings to come up with a MACD that is better suited for faster or slower securities. Using shorter moving averages will produce a quicker, more responsive indicator, while using longer moving averages will produce a slower indicator, less prone to whipsaws. For our purposes in this article, the traditional 12/26 MACD will be used for explanations. Later in the indicator series, we will address the use of different moving averages in calculating MACD.

Of the two moving averages that make up MACD, the 12-day EMA is the faster and the 26-day EMA is the slower. Closing prices are used to form the moving averages. Usually, a 9-day EMA of MACD is plotted along side to act as a trigger line. A bullish crossover occurs when MACD moves above its 9-day EMA, and a bearish crossover occurs when MACD moves below its 9-day EMA. The Merrill Lynch (MER) chart below shows the 12-day EMA (thin blue line) with the 26-day EMA (thin red line) overlaid the price plot. MACD appears in the box below as the thick black line and its 9-day EMA is the thin blue line. The histogram represents the difference between MACD and its 9-day EMA. The histogram is positive when MACD is above its 9-day EMA and negative when MACD is below its 9-day EMA.

What Does MACD Do?

MACD measures the difference between two Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs). A positive MACD indicates that the 12-day EMA is trading above the 26-day EMA. A negative MACD indicates that the 12-day EMA is trading below the 26-day EMA. If MACD is positive and rising, then the gap between the 12-day EMA and the 26-day EMA is widening. This indicates that the rate-of-change of the faster moving average is higher than the rate-of-change for the slower moving average. Positive momentum is increasing, indicating a bullish period for the price plot. If MACD is negative and declining further, then the negative gap between the faster moving average (blue) and the slower moving average (red) is expanding. Downward momentum is accelerating, indicating a bearish period of trading. MACD centerline crossovers occur when the faster moving average crosses the slower moving average.

This Merrill Lynch (MER) chart shows MACD as a solid black line, and its 9-day EMA as the thin blue line. Even though moving averages are lagging indicators, notice that MACD moves faster than the moving averages. In this example, MACD provided a few good trading signals as well:

1. In March and April, MACD turned down ahead of both moving averages, and formed a negative divergence ahead of the price peak.

2. In May and June, MACD began to strengthen and make higher Lows while both moving averages continued to make lower Lows.

3. Finally, MACD formed a positive divergence in October while both moving averages recorded new Lows.

MACD Bullish Signals

MACD generates bullish signals from three main sources:

1. Positive Divergence

2. Bullish Moving Average Crossover

3. Bullish Centerline Crossover

Positive Divergence

A Positive Divergence occurs when MACD begins to advance and the security is still in a downtrend and makes a lower reaction low. MACD can either form as a series of higher Lows or a second Low that is higher than the previous Low. Positive Divergences are probably the least common of the three signals, but are usually the most reliable, and lead to the biggest moves.

Bullish Moving Average Crossover

A Bullish Moving Average Crossover occurs when MACD moves above its 9-day EMA, or trigger line. Bullish Moving Average Crossovers are probably the most common signals and as such are the least reliable. If not used in conjunction with other technical analysis tools, these crossovers can lead to whipsaws and many false signals. Bullish Moving Average Crossovers are used occasionally to confirm a positive divergence. A positive divergence can be considered valid when a Bullish Moving Average Crossover occurs after the MACD Line makes its second "higher Low".

Sometimes it is prudent to apply a price filter to the Bullish Moving Average Crossover to ensure that it will hold. An example of a price filter would be to buy if MACD breaks above the 9-day EMA and remains above for three days. The buy signal would then commence at the end of the third day.

Bullish Centerline Crossover

A Bullish Centerline Crossover occurs when MACD moves above the zero line and into positive territory. This is a clear indication that momentum has changed from negative to positive, or from bearish to bullish. After a Positive Divergence and Bullish Centerline Crossover, the Bullish Centerline Crossover can act as a confirmation signal. Of the three signals, moving average crossover are probably the second most common signals.

Using a Combination of Signals

Even though some traders may use only one of the above signals to form a buy or a sell signal, using a combination can generate more robust signals. In the Halliburton (HAL)example, all three bullish signals were present and the stock still advanced another 20%. The stock formed a lower Low at the end of February, but MACD formed a higher Low, thus creating a potential Positive Divergence. MACD then formed a Bullish Moving Average Crossover by moving above its 9-day EMA. And finally, MACD traded above zero to form a Bullish Centerline Crossover. At the time of the Bullish Centerline Crossover, the stock was trading at 32 1/4 and went above 40 immediately after that. In August, the stock traded above 50.

MACD - 1

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MACD

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

MACD adalah merupakan singkatan dari Moving Average Convergence / Divergence ( rata-rata pergerakan konverjensi / perbedaan), yang adalah merupakan suatu indikator dari analisis teknis yang diciptakan oleh Gerald Appel pada tahun 1960an. MACD adalah indikator untuk kelebihan beli atau kelebihan jual dengan melihat hubungan antara MA (moving average=rata-rata pergerakan) jangka panjang dan pendek. Garis MACD adalah selisih dari 2 MA diatas. Garis kedua yaitu garis tanda adalah MA jangka pendek dari garis MACD.

MACD menunjukkan perbedaan antara eksponensial pergerakan rata-rata (exponential moving average yang biasa disingkat "EMA") yang cepat dan lambat dari harga penutupan. Beberapa pengembangan telah dilakukan atas MACD selama bertahun-tahun namun masih menyisakan masalah kelambatan pada indikatornya, sehingga sering dikritik atas kegagalannya dalam menanggapi kondisi pasar yang lemah ataupun bergejolak. Sejak runtuhnya pasar "dot-com" pada tahun 2000, kebanyakan strategi tidak lagi merekomendasikan penggunaan MACD sebagai metode utama dalam melakukan analisis namun hanya digunakan sebagai alat pemantau belaka. Periode standar yang disarankan oleh Gerald Appel pada tahun 1960an adalah dengan menggunakan periode 12 dan 26 hari:

 

Garis yang menjadi sinyal atau garis pemicu adalah terbentuk dengan memperhalus rumusan tersebut dengan is then formed by smoothing this with a further EMA. The standard period for this is 9 days,

 

Perbedaan antara MACD dan garis sinyal seringkali dihitung dan dinyatakan tidak dalam bentuk garis tetapi dalam bentuk histogram kotak berisi. Konstruksi ini dibuat oleh Thomas Aspray pada tahun 1986. Cara perhitungannya :

histogram = MACD − sinyal

Pada contoh grafik diatas, menunjukkan ketiganya secara bersamaan. Grafik yang atas adalah harga, grafik yang bawah memiliki garis MACD dalam warna biru dan garis sinyal dalam warna merah dan yang berwarna putih dalam bentuk histogram adalah merupakan perbedaan antara keduanya.

Rangakaian periode dari nilai rata-rata tersebut biasanya ditulis seperti 12,26,9, dan dapat bervariasi. Appel dan analis lainnya telah melakukan percobaan dengan berbagai kombinasi.

Interpretasi

MACD adalah merupakan indikator pengikut gejala (trend following)dan dirancang untuk mengindentifikasi perubahan gejala (tren) , dan umumnya tidak direkomendasikan untuk digunakan dalam kondisi pasar yang bergejolak. Tiga bentuk dari sinyal perdagangan dapat diperoleh yaitu :

• Garis MACD yang melintasi garis sinyal.
• Garis MACD yang melintasi nol.
• Perbedaan antara harga dan tingkat MACD.

Perlintasan sinyal adalah merupakan aturan perdagangan biasa dimana ini adalah merupakan sinyal beli apabila MACD melintas keatas menembus garis sinyal atau menjadi sinyal jual apabila MACD melintas kebawah. Perlintasan ini dapat sering terjadi sehingga penelitian lainnya harus dilakukan guna memastikan sinyal beli dan jual.

Histogram menunjukkan saat terjadi perlintasan, sewaktu garis MACD melintasi menembus angka nol pada histogram maka dapat dikatakan bahwa MACD telah menembus garis sinyal. Histogram ini juga dapat membantu pencerminan sewaktu dua garis datang bersamaan. Keduanya mungkin tetap timbul tapi datangnya bersamaan, sehingga histogram yang jatuh dapat menjadi pertanda bahwa terjadinya perlintasan bisa saja mendekati.

Perbedaan positif antara MACD dan harga timbul sewaktu harga membentuk suatu harga jual terendah baru, tetapi MACD tidak membentuk suatu titik rendah yang baru. Ini dapat diartikan bahwa pasar cenderung naik ( bullish) dimana gejala penurunan sudah mendekati. Perbedaan negatif adalah serupa , dimana harga beranjak naik namun MACD tidak naik setinggi sebelumnya maka ini diartikan bahwa pasar jatuh (bearish).

Direkomendasikan untuk menggunakan MACD pada skala mingguan sebelum melihatnya dalam skala harian guna menghindari dilakukannya perdagangan jangka pendek terhadap arah pada gejala jangaka menengah.

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MACD

The MACD indicator is one of the most popular technical analysis tools. There are three main components of the MACD shown in the picture below:

1. MACD: The 12-period exponential moving average (EMA) minus the 26-period EMA.
2. MACD Signal Line: A 9-period EMA of the MACD.
3. MACD Histogram: The MACD minus the MACD Signal Line.

 

MACD Moving Average Crossovers

The primary method of interpreting the MACD is with moving average crossovers. When the shorter-term 12-period exponential moving average (EMA) crosses over the longer-term 26-period EMA a buy signal is generated; this is seen on the Nasdaq 100 exchange traded fund (QQQQ) chart below with the two purple lines.

Remember that the MACD line (the blue line) is created from the 12-period and 26-period EMA. Consequently:

1. When the shorter-term 12-period EMA crosses above the longer-term 26-period EMA, the MACD line crosses above the Zero line.
2. When the 12-period EMA crosses below the 26-period EMA, the MACD line crosses below the Zero line.

Moving Average Crossover Buy Signal

A buy signal is generated when the MACD (blue line) crosses above the zero line.

Moving Average Crossover Sell Signal

When the MACD crosses below the zero line, then a sell signal is generated.

The prior buy and sell signals get a person into a trade later in the move of a stock or future. A more common buy and sell signal is shown in the graph below of the Nasdaq 100 exchange traded fund QQQQ:

Most Common MACD Buy and Sell Signals

MACD Buy Signal

A buy signal is generated when the MACD (blue line) crosses above the MACD Signal Line (red line).

MACD Sell Signal

Similarly, when the MACD crosses below the MACD Signal Line a sell signal is generated.

The MACD moving average crossover is one of many ways to interpret the MACD technical indicator. Using the MACD histogram and MACD divergence warnings are two other important methods of using the MACD.

 

MACD Histogram

The MACD Histogram is simply the difference between the MACD line (blue line) and the MACD signal line (red line). The MACD histogram is illustrated in the chart below of the Nasdaq 100 QQQQ's:

Two important terms are derived from the MACD histogram and are illustrated above in the chart of the QQQQ's:

• Convergence: The MACD histogram is shrinking in height. This occurs because there is a change in direction or a slowdown in the stock, future, bond, or currency trend. When that occurs, the MACD line is getting closer to the MACD signal line.
• Divergence: The MACD histogram is increasing in height (either in the positive or negative direction). This occurs because the MACD is accelerating faster in the direction of the prevailing market trend.

When a stock, future, or currency pair is moving strongly in a direction, the MACD histogram will increase in height. When the MACD histogram does not increase in height or begins to shrink, the market is slowing down and is a warning of a possible reversal. The graph below of the E-mini Nasdaq 100 Index Future shows this phenomenon:

The letter "T" represents when the top or peak of the MACD histogram occurs. In contrast, the letter "B" shows when the bottom of the MACD histogram occurs. Notice how closely the tops and bottoms of the MACD histogram are to the tops of the Nasdaq 100 e-mini future.

MACD Histogram Buy Signal

When the MACD histogram is below the zero line and begins to converge towards the zero line.

MACD Histogram Sell Signal

When the MACD histogram is above the zero line and begins to converge towards the zero line.

Note: In the example above, three consecutive days of shrinking MACD histogram from top or bottom served as the buy or sell signals shown with arrows. This is an agressive example. One could wait until the MACD histogram went to zero, but that would be the same signal as the MACD moving average crossover.

The MACD is not only good for buy and sell signals, the MACD can be used for warnings of potential change in the direction of stocks, futures, and currency pairs.

MACD Divergences

MACD

1. MACD Defined
2. Moving Average Crossovers
3. MACD Histograms
4. MACD Divergences

Bearish divergence occurs when a technical analysis indicator is suggesting that a price should be going down but the price of the stock, future, or currency pair is continuing to maintain its current uptrend.

Bullish divergence occurs when the indicator is indicating that price should be bottoming and heading higher, yet the actual price action is continuing downward.

These valuable divergences can signal to get out of a long or short position before profits erode. The following chart of the E-mini S&P 500 Index Future shows some of these divergences:

High #1 to High #2

Looking at the E-mini S&P 500 future, from High #1 to High #2, the futures contract made higher highs, which is usually viewed as bullish. However, the MACD moving average failed to make a new high. This bearish divergence was an early warning sign of things to come with the E-mini S&P 500 futures contract.

Low #1 to Low#2

In yet another bearish sign for the E-mini S&P 500 futures contract, the future made higher lows from Low #1 to Low #2, which again is usually considered positive. Nevertheless, the MACD technical indicator made a clear lower low from Low #1 to Low #2. This bearish divergence warned of the impending downturn of the S&P 500 future and the market as a whole.

Low #2 to Low #3

In addition to bearish and bullish divergences, the MACD can confirm price movement as well. The E-mini S&P 500 futures contract made a substantial lower low which was confirmed by the MACD when it made a lower low as well.

As seen throughout the MACD sections, the MACD is a versatile tool giving clear buy and sell signals and giving warnings of impending price changes.

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Bollinger Bands

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Pita Bollinger

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

(Dialihkan dari Bollinger bands)

Contoh Pita Bollinger dengan periode 10 hari dan rentang 2 deviasi standar

Grafik Bollinger atau lebih dikenal dengan nama Bollinger Bands adalah merupakan salah satu indikator dalam analisis teknis ( analisa untuk membaca pergerakan pasar melalui grafik) yang ditemukan oleh John Bollinger pada tahun 1980an. Grafik Bolinger ini merupakan pengembangan dari konsep pita perdagangan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur batas ketinggian ataupun batas kerendahan dari pada harga saham secara relatif terhadap harga sebelumnya.

Grafik Bollinger terdiri dari :

• Garis tengah yang merupakan periode N dari pergerakan sederhana.
• Garis atas pada K kali Periode N standar deviasi diatas garis menengah
• Garis bawah pada K kali Periode N standar deviasi dibawah garis menengah

Nilai khusus untuk N dan K masing-masing adalah 20 dan 2, respectively.

Penggunaan grafik Bollinger

Grafik Bollinger ini tidak dapat digunakan secara berdiri sendiri tanpa menggunakan indikator lainnya seperti misalnya dengan menggunakan indikator Indeks Kekuatan Relatif atau lebih dikenal dengan nama Relative Strength Index (RSI). Dengan menggunakan grafik Bollinger dengan RSI ini maka dapat diperoleh suatu indikator jual atau beli misalnya :

• Apabila RSI diatas angka 80 dan apabila grafik Bollinger menyempit serta harga cenderung mendatar, maka pada kondisi seperti ini apabila RSI membentuk sinyal bearish divergencemaka adalah merupakan suatu momentum tepat untuk menjual.
• Apabila RSI di dibawah angka 20, dan apabila grafik Bollinger menyempit serta harga cenderung datar, maka pada kondisi ini apabila RSI membentuk bullish divergence maka adalah saat yang baik untuk melakukan pembelian.

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Bollinger Bands

Bollinger Bands Defined

Bollinger Bands is a versatile tool combining moving averages and standard deviations and is one of the most popular technical analysis tools available for traders. There are three components to the Bollinger Band indicator:

1. Moving Average: By default, a 20-period simple moving average is used.
2. Upper Band: The upper band is usually 2 standard deviations (calculated from 20-periods of closing data) above the moving average.
3. Lower Band: The lower band is usually 2 standard deviations below the moving average.

Bollinger Bands (in blue) are shown below in the chart of the E-mini S&P 500 Futures contract:

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Playing the Bollinger Bands

Playing the bands is based on the premise that the vast majority of all closing prices should be between the Bollinger Bands. That stated, then a stock's price going outside the Bollinger Bands, which occurs very rarely, should not last and should "revert back to the mean", which generally means the 20-period simple moving average. A version of this strategy is discussed in the book Trade Like a Hedge Fund by James Altucher.

Buy Signal

In the example shown in the chart below of the E-mini S&P 500 Future, a trader buys or buys to cover when the price has fallen below the lower Bollinger Band.

Sell Signal

The sell or buy to cover exit is initiated when the stock, future, or currency price pierces outside the upper Bollinger Band.

These buy and sell signals are graphically represented in the chart of the E-mini S&P 500 Futures contract shown below:

More Conservative Playing the Bands

Rather than buying or selling exactly when the price hits the Bollinger Band, the more aggressive approach, a trader could wait and see if the price moves above or below the Bollinger Band and when the price closes back inside the Bollinger Band, then the trigger to buy or sell short occurs. This helps to reduce losses when prices breakout of the Bollinger Bands for a while. However, many profitable opportunities would be lost. To illustrate, the chart of the E-mini S&P 500 Future above shows many missed opportunities. However, in the chart on the next page, the more conservative approach would have prevented many painful losses.

Also, some traders exit their long or short entries when price touches the 20-day moving average.

A different, and quite polar opposite way to use Bollinger Bands is described on the next page, Playing Bollinger Band Breakouts.

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Bollinger Band Breakouts

Basically the opposite of "Playing the Bands" and betting on reversion to the mean is playing Bollinger Band breakouts. Breakouts occur after a period of consolidation, when price closes outside of the Bollinger Bands. Other indicators such as support and resistance lines (see: Support & Resistance) can prove beneficial when deciding whether or not to buy or sell in the direction of the breakout.

The chart of Wal-Mart (WMT) below shows two such Bollinger Band breakouts:

Bollinger Band Breakout through Resistance Buy Signal

Price breaks above the upper Bollinger Band after a period of price consolidation. Other confirming indicators are suggested, such as resistance being broken in the chart above of Wal-Mart stock.

Bollinger Band Breakout through Support Sell Signal

Price breaks below the lower Bollinger Band. It is suggested that other confirming indicators be used, such as a support line being broken, such as in the example above of Wal-Mart stock breaking below support.

This strategy is discussed by the man who created Bollinger Bands, John Bollinger.

Bollinger Bands can also be used to determine the direction and the strength of the trend. The chart below of the E-mini S&P 500 Futures contract shows a strong upward trend:

Bollinger Band Showing a Strong Trend

The chart above of the E-mini S&P 500 shows that during a strong uptrend, prices tend to stay in the upper half of the Bollinger Band, where the 20-period moving average (Bollinger Band centerline) acts as support for the price trend.

The reverse would be true during a downtrend, where prices would be in the lower half of the Bollinger Band and the 20-period moving average would act as downward resistance.

Bollinger Bands adapt to volatility and thus are useful to options traders, specifically volatility traders. The next page describes how to use Bollinger Bands to make better options trades.

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Option Volatility Strategies

There are two basic ways to trade volatility:

1. Buy options with low volatility in hopes that volatility will increase and then sell back those options at a higher price.
2. Sell options with high volatility in hopes that volatility will decrease and then buy back those same options at a cheaper price.

Since Bollinger Bands adapt to volatility, Bollinger Bands give options traders a good idea of when options are relatively expensive (high volatility) or when options are relatively cheap (low volatility). The chart below of Wal-Mart stock illustrates how Bollinger Bands can be used to trade volatility:

Buy Options when Volatility is Low

When options are relatively cheap, such as in the center of the chart above of Wal-Mart when the Bollinger Bands significantly contracted, buying options, such as a straddle or strangle, might be a good options strategy.

The reasoning is that after sharp moves, prices tend to stay in a trading range to rest. After prices have rested, such as periods when the Bollinger Bands are extremely close together, then prices usually will begin to move once again. Therefore, buying options when Bollinger Bands are tight together, might be a smart options strategy.

Sell Options when Volatility is High

At times when options are relatively expensive, such as in the far right and far left of the chart above of Wal-Mart when the Bollinger Bands were significantly expanded, selling options in the form of a straddle, strangle, or iron condor, might be a good options strategy to use.

The logic is that after prices have risen or fallen significantly, such as periods when the Bollinger Bands are extremely far apart, then prices usually will begin to consolidate and become less volatile. Hence, selling options when Bollinger Bands are far apart, potentially could be a smart options volatility strategy.

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